There are many complexities and special cases with tree irrigation. Let's start with some generalities.
In general you should water a tree relatively deeply and infrequently compared to other plants.
In most cases the majority of a tree roots that uptake water are in the first 12 to 18 inches (30-45 cm.).
Mulching a tree will reduce direct soil evaporation and increase use of water by plants and other soil organisms.
Avoid gimmicks such a watering tubes and the like. The majority of water that percolates into the soil from the surface will be a benefit to the tree and surrounding soil. However do take steps to avoid water runoff. Mulch can help with this as well.
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